For clinicians
Evidence-led clinical content for practicing physiotherapists — protocols, assessments, and treatment guides reviewed by licensed clinicians.
Learn the presentation and assessment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy, sets out a heavy-slow-resistance loading protocol, compares it with eccentric training, and notes how insertional disease alters the approach.
Understand the clinical features that establish the diagnosis, the examination that distinguishes plantar fasciopathy from its mimics, and the management supported by current guidelines.
Learn how to use the Ottawa Ankle Rules to screen for fracture, how to assess the injury, what the evidence recommends for treatment, and how to structure a criteria-based return to sport.
A student-friendly ICU physiotherapy guide covering respiratory care, positioning, mobilisation, ventilator-weaning support, assessment, common ICU conditions and contraindications.
Learn how hip osteoarthritis is diagnosed clinically, how the GLA:D approach is structured, what outcomes it produces, and how the hip response compares with that of the knee.
A bedside physiotherapy guide to oxygen devices, FiO₂ ranges, ambulatory oxygen criteria, SpO₂ targets and exercise prescription in chronic lung disease.
This article describes how the syndrome is defined, how it is assessed, and what the evidence shows about physiotherapist-led conservative management, including how a structured non-operative programme compares with surgery.
Learn ICU mobilisation using Hodgson red-yellow-green safety criteria, ABCDEF bundle context, progression from passive ROM to ambulation, and ICU-acquired weakness prevention.
Although the condition was long labelled trochanteric bursitis, the dominant pathology is a tendinopathy of the gluteus medius and minimus rather than a primary bursitis.
Exam-prep guide to NIV for physiotherapy students, covering CPAP vs BiPAP, AECOPD indications, common settings, post-extubation NIV, mobilisation, secretion clearance and weaning.
Cervicogenic headache is a secondary headache in which pain perceived in the head is in fact referred from a disorder of the cervical spine, most often the upper cervical segments.
Understand off-pump versus on-pump CABG, including surgical differences, pulmonary complications, mobilisation timing and key implications for physiotherapy.
Since no single clinical test reliably confirms the diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy in isolation, contemporary practice relies on a validated cluster of tests to raise or lower the probability of nerve root involvement.
Learn a step-by-step in-hospital physiotherapy protocol for AECOPD, including assessment, NIV, positioning, airway clearance, mobilisation safety and discharge criteria.
A structured classification framework allows the clinician to reason from a broad presenting complaint toward a defensible working category, and to match the intervention to that category rather than applying a uniform protocol to every patient.
Learn how inspiratory muscle training works, how to prescribe 30–50% MIP, which devices are used and what evidence supports IMT in COPD, CABG and ICU patients.
A guide to bronchiectasis physiotherapy covering lobe-specific postural drainage, modified positions for elderly and cardiac patients, the move away from prolonged head-down tilt, and how nebulised hypertonic saline fits into modern airway clearance.
Learn the components, duration, outcome measures and evidence for pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD, ILD and other chronic lung diseases.
Compare ACBT, autogenic drainage, PEP and oscillatory PEP for chronic bronchitis, with teaching steps, evidence and a practical decision tree.
Understand centriacinar and panacinar emphysema, hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm, barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing and evidence-based physiotherapy management.
Learn to interpret spirometry step by step: FEV1, FVC, obstructive and restrictive patterns, bronchodilator response, GOLD staging and loops.
Learn how to distinguish chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma–COPD overlap and bronchiectasis using pathology, clinical features, PFT findings and physiotherapy implications.
Learn how physiotherapists identify and manage atelectasis, postoperative atrial fibrillation and brachial plexopathy after CABG, including the causes of left-lower-lobe atelectasis.
Dry needling is the insertion of a thin filament needle into a myofascial trigger point without injecting any substance.
Explore how modern evidence is reshaping sternal precautions after cardiac surgery. Learn the principles of Keep Your Move in the Tube (KYMITT), current research, and practical physiotherapy advice for post-sternotomy patients.
This blog compares the two different kind of loading used for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy, distinguishes the established findings from prevailing assumptions, and translates the conclusions into practical guidance for exercise prescription.
Learn the Phase II post-CABG rehabilitation protocol for weeks 4–12, including FITT exercise prescription, beta-blocker target HR, return to work and psychosocial screening.
Learn how to diagnose the common posterior-canal variant of Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) by means of the Dix-Hallpike test and its treatment with the Epley maneuver, set out sequentially, together with the supporting evidence and the relevant safety considerations.
A day-by-day Phase I physiotherapy protocol after CABG, covering positioning, breathing exercises, mobilisation milestones, sternal care and red flags that pause progression.
A defensible discharge note concludes the episode, communicates the outcome, and, when executed well, demonstrates that the decision to discharge was sound.
Learn the complete pre-CABG physiotherapy protocol, including respiratory assessment, 6MWT, IMT, incentive spirometry, cough training and viva points.
This article compares the two predominant approaches, the familiar SOAP note and the structured case-sheet template, and sets out how to capture clinical reasoning rather than mere data, irrespective of the format chosen.
This guide examines four core instruments that, collectively, address the majority of musculoskeletal caseloads: a pain score, a low back measure, a knee measure, and an upper limb measure.
Solution to adhesive capsulitis is a staged protocol in which treatment intensity is matched to tissue irritability.
Understand cardiac rehabilitation phases I–IV, the physiotherapist’s role, key outcome measures, and how phases overlap in Indian practice today.
Scapular dyskinesis divides clinical opinion, as some treat it as the root cause of shoulder problems, while others treat it as a normal variation. The evidence sits between the two.
This blog will help you determine what RCRSP means, assess it in a structured way, and classify patients so that management matches the presentation.
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is among the most frequently encountered presentations in musculoskeletal practice, affecting individuals across the lifespan from adolescence to older adulthood.
GLA:D is a structured, physiotherapist-led programme of patient education plus supervised neuromuscular exercise, designed to translate the evidence into routine clinical care.
With this protocol, you can individualise exercise selection, loading and timelines to your patient, but the progression logic stays constant.
A twelve-week framework to triage out specific pathology and radiculopathy, screen psychosocial risk, and confirm a non-specific, mechanical presentation.
Lumbar radiculopathy is one of the few low back presentations in which a structural source can often be reasonably localised, and missing a red flag carries the greatest consequence.
Low back pain is the single largest contributor to years lived with disability globally, yet in most presentations, no specific pathology can be reliably identified.
